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Water hyacinth in Lake Victoria
Water hyacinth has become a major invasive plant species in Lake Victoria.
==History==
The exact time and place of introduction has been debated, but the plant is native to South America so it appears to have reached Lake Victoria due to human activity. As its flowers are reputed for their beauty, it might have been brought over as an ornamental for garden ponds.〔United Nations News Highlights, "Fighting water weeds in West Africa." Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 16Aug2000. United Nations. 19 May 2008 ()〕 The consensus is that water hyacinth entered Lake Victoria from Rwanda via the river Kagera,〔Ambrose, Philippa . "Water hyacinth chokes lake Victoria." Marine Pollution Bulletin 34. 6Jun1997 364. 29Apr2008〕 probably in the 1980s. The hyacinth has since spread prolifically, due to a lack of natural predators, an abundance of space, agreeable temperature conditions, and abundant nutrients, including increasing heavy metal pollution in the lake.〔Opande, G.O., Onyang, J.C., Wagai, S.O.. "Lake Victoria: The water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes () SOLMS),its socio-economic effects, control measures and resurgence in the Winam gulf." Limnologica 34. 1-2 May2004 105-109.〕〔Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, "Water Hyacinth and Duckweed as indicators of heavy metal pollution in River Asa." 29(2)(2013) pp 155-162 ()〕
Water hyacinths increased rapidly between 1992–1998, were greatly reduced by 2001, and have since resurged to a lesser degree. Management techniques include (hyacinth-eating) insect controls and manual beach cleanup efforts.〔Kateregga, Eseza and Thomas Sterner. 2007. (Indicators for an invasive species: Water hyacinths. ) ''Ecological Indicators'' 7(2):362-370.〕 A water hyacinth infestation is seldom totally eradicated. Instead, it is a situation that must be continually managed.〔〔World Bank. 1996. (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda - Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project ). World Development Sources, WDS 1996. Washington, DC: World Bank.〕
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